Discrimination is unavoidable and takes on many forms Essay Example

Discrimination is unavoidable and takes on many forms Essay The problem with society today and in the past is that we cannot accept that we are all different. Every day ,every hour, minute and second people are being abused through discrimination. Discrimination means, the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex (source- Google dictionary). People who look or act differently are often the subject of segregation and their crestless are the ones that are led by Ignorance and stupidly. Inequality is unavoidable and takes on many forms such as: Religion, sex and race which are the main targets of discrimination. Sexism is unfair treatment based on a persons sex or gender. Sexism is a popular point for segregation. Mostly because women are the ones being criticized since the early ages and till now and It Is very rare for a man to be subject of discrimination. It has been said that women are far more Inferior then men. The mall points that men use for an excuse as to why women are inferior are: theyre weak, not strong, they bleed between their legs, are small and they have to go through childbirth. We will write a custom essay sample on Discrimination is unavoidable and takes on many forms specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Discrimination is unavoidable and takes on many forms specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Discrimination is unavoidable and takes on many forms specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Around me I saw women overworked and underpaid, doing mens work at half mens wages, not because their work was inferior, but because they were women. ?Anna Howard Shaw This quote is an example that in-between the 1 8th and 19th century women were treated unfairly and were paid less than a mans wage, Just because they were women. Men believed back In those days that women shouldnt get paid the same amount as they get. Scout, Im telling you for the last time, shut your trap or go home ?l declare to the Lord youre getting more like a girl every day! With that, I had no option but to join them. (source- To Kill a Mockingbird (ATTACK)by Harper Lee) This is an example from the book ATTACK where Gem says to Scout that she is acting like a girl because she keeps on whining that they should go back home. To not go to the Raddled place to try get a sneak on Boo. This goes to show that sexism Is unavoidable and Is used In everyday life. Religious discrimination involves treating a person (an a pplicant or employee) unfavorable because of his or her religious beliefs. Some religions include Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism etc. NY religions have suffered over the years because of controversy, which religion Is right? How do you know If there Is a God? Where is the proof? These are just some of the questions that are argued and people are segregated over. Some people blame religions and people of those religions for what history has done to the world. Its no secret that, after 9/1 1, a wave of anti-Muslim bigotry washed over the country. A number Muslims or people perceived to be Muslims have been violently assaulted; and scores of mosques and Muslim graffiti to arson and firebombing. (source- Heather L. Weaver, UCLA Program on Freedom of Religion and Belief). Ever since 9/11 Muslims in particular are suffering from todays discrimination against the allegations set against them for the bombing of the twin towers. There were many theories as to why Hitler despised the Jews, however we will never know. It is not know the exact death toll of how many people were killed, during World War 2. But the estimate is around 11 million people. 6 million Jews and 5 million people who were of a different race, different religion, handicapped, gypsies and homosexuals. ( From Chapter 1 in R. J. Rumen, Demoded: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder, 1993). In the town of Macomb there was also religious discrimination. In Chapter 5, a wagon of Fundamentalists harangue Miss Maude for growing flowers and not spending enough time reading her Bible The foot-washers thought that she spent too much time outdoors and not enough inside the house reading the Bible Some of me came out of the woods one Saturday and passed by this place and told me and my flowers we were going to burn in hell? Thing is, foot-washers think women are a sin by definition. They take the Bible eternally, you know'(chapter 5 To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee). Discrimination takes on many forms in this particular case religious discrimination. Where you go there will always be segregation against religions. Racial discrimination or racism is discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of another race. All people from all over the world no matter what their national, cultural or religious background have a right to feel safe, respected and part of the community in which they live. Since the early 1800 hundreds many African Americans were slaves and were the main subject of discrimination. People thought that they were an abomination, Gods mistake put on earth they were looked different, they were black and they were slaves. That is how segregation to the African Americans came to be. During the sasss African Americans put their foot down and had the courage to speak out and fight against racism. l have a dream that one day little black boys and girls will be holding hands with little white boys and girls. ? Martin Luther King Jar. , I Have A Dream In this quote martin is telling us about what he hopes will come true for his children in the future. That everyone will e equal and that his children we befriend white children. That racism will be abolished. As you grow older, youll see white men cheat the black men every day of your life, but let me tell you something and dont you forget it whenever a white man does that to a black man, no matter who he is, how rich he is, or how fine a family he comes from, he is trash. ? Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird. The entire town seems to turn against Tactics and his children because he is defending Tom Robinson laming for a Niger, a black man accused of attack ing a white woman. The act that adults and children are attacking Scout and Gem with words and fists demonstrates how deeply rooted racism is in the town of Macomb. In this passage Tactics is telling scout about how there is no equality in society and the injustice of the African Americans in their time. The fact that people have the audacity to be racist continuously surprises me. Youd think after all these years racism would be that awareness wrong. So it Just goes to show that some people are capable of racial segregation and is unavoidable anywhere you go. Prejudice is spread out and you cannot escape it, it is all around you, and you would always be a victim of some kind of prejudice. That is why we should discuss discrimination in every area of our lives to find solutions to this problem. Racial, sexism and religious discrimination are Just some types of discrimination that occur during daily life. Discrimination education would be a good tool to make people more aware of the negative impact of discrimination on society. All people around the world should be made aware of the causes of discrimination. We should discuss discrimination in every area of our lives to find solutions to this problem.

Contingency Theories of Organizations Essays

Contingency Theories of Organizations Essays Contingency Theories of Organizations Essay Contingency Theories of Organizations Essay Part 2 Ob: What is the nucleus statement of eventuality theories of organisations? Discuss giving illustrations from at least one such theory. Measure the claims of this theory and measure its relevancy for organisations today. Organizations operate in many different environments and it is critical to measure how they influence their constructions. Effective and efficient organizing has become progressively of import in the modern universe characterized by rapid alterations. Eventuality attacks emphasize that in order for organisations to win they must follow a construction suitable for the environment in which they operate. There are many signifiers of eventuality theory. In general, eventuality theories are a category of behavioural theory that claim that there is no best manner to form a corporation and the organisational construction of the company. An organisational or leading manner that is effectual in some state of affairss may non be successful in others. Therefore, the best manner of forming the company, is contingent upon the internal and external state of affairs of the company. External environments influence organisations in a varied figure of ways. Critical external factors include, but are non limited to, the size of the organisation, labour markets, handiness and cost of capital, rivals, governmental Torahs and policies, managerial premises about employees, schemes, engineerings used, etc. The chief thoughts of eventuality theory are: * There is no cosmopolitan or one best manner to pull off * The design of organisations and its subsystems must fit with the environment * Effective organisations non merely have a proper fit with the environment but besides between its subsystems * The demands of an organisation are better satisfied when it is decently designed and the direction manner is appropriate both to the undertakings undertaken and the nature of the work group. Several eventuality attacks were developed at the same time in the late sixtiess. The outgrowth of the theory was the consequence of unfavorable judgments of the classical theories such as Weber s bureaucratism ( Weber, 1946 ) and Taylor s scientific direction ( Taylor, 1911 ) which had failed because they neglected that direction manner and organisational construction were influenced by assorted facets of the environment: the eventuality factors. The eventuality attack originated with the work of Joan Woodward ( 1958 ) , who declared that successful organisations in different industries with different engineerings were characterized by different organisational constructions. In this essay I will discourse three influential eventuality theories, those of Burns and Stalker ( 1961 ) , Lawrence and Lorsch ( 1967 ) and Fiedler ( 1967 ) . Tom Burns and Graham Stalker in their 1961 book, The Management of Innovation studied about 20 Scots and British electronics companies runing in progressively competitory and advanced technological markets. Their findings demonstrated that organisations runing in stable environments are really different from those which have to confront a changing and dynamic environment. The writers have discovered that differences in the manner houses approached alteration and invention related to the values and mission of the houses. Nathan birnbaums and Stalker classified the houses into 2 classs on the footing of their managerial constructions and patterns: mechanistic and organic. The writers found that mechanistic organisations, besides called bureaucratisms, are suited for comparatively stable environmental conditions. Such organisations are clearly programmed, purely controlled and hierarchically structured. Often they do non hold mission and vision statements, and alternatively depend on established regulations for counsel, mensurating success by the grade to which staff conforms to treat and process. Organizational undertakings are typically broken down into specialised activities. Persons are responsible for their specific maps in a comparative isolation from the overall organisational end. The organic organisations are more likely to be under unstable environmental conditions. Organic organisations are orientated towards consequences, have a level organisation construction alternatively of a hierarchy, and small construction in footings of procedure and regulations. They focus on consequences and employees receive positive wagess for originative and matter-of-fact parts. Given these conditions it becomes necessary to reexamine and redefine the duties, methods, inter-role relationships, and even ends on a continual footing. Nathan birnbaums and Stalker emphasized that each system is appropriate under its ain specific conditions. Neither system was superior to the other under all state of affairss. Since the 1960s much of Hagiographas in organisation theories field is a changeless argument between the machine/organ analogies, and efforts to develop growing theoretical accounts of how simple mechanistic signifiers can turn into the more complex organic signifiers. Another important survey to show the relationships between environmental features and effectual organisational constructions was conducted by Paul Lawrence and Jay Lorsch ( 1967 ) . They studied ten US houses in three separate industries ( plastics, nutrient, containers ) that confronted changing grades of uncertainness, complexness and alteration. The research workers found that successful houses in each industry had a different grade of distinction. The houses runing in unsure, complex, quickly altering environments had more extremely differentiated internal constructions: gross revenues, production and R A ; D sections. Such organisations require the greater demand for suited mechanisms for incorporating and deciding struggles between scopes of sections. Successful houses in more homogenous and stable environment were more formalistic and hierarchal in their signifiers. Writers concluded that successful houses must hold internal constructions every bit complex as environments in which they operate. This seminal work of Lawrence and Lorsch refined the eventuality theory by showing that different markets and technological environments require different sorts of organisations, and that fractional monetary units or functional sections within an organisation might be managed in different ways, due to fluctuations ensuing from their sub-environments. Their position is ecological those organisations that can outdo adapt to the environment will last. Managerial leading has influenced organisational activities in many ways. These influences include actuating subsidiaries, budgeting scarce resources, and functioning as a beginning of communicating. Contingency theories of leading argue that no individual leading manner is effectual in all fortunes, but the leading manners are contingent on the organisational and situational context. Fred Fiedler s theory ( 1967 ) is the earliest and most extensively researched is besides known as eventuality theoretical account of leading effectivity. Fiedler s thoughts originated from trait and behavioural theoretical accounts by saying that public presentation of the group is dependent on the leader s psychological orientation and on three contextual variables: group atmosphere, undertaking construction, and leader s power place. The eventuality theoretical account underlines the importance of both the leader s personality and the state of affairs in which that leader operates. The first major factor in Fiedler s theory is known as the leading manner. This is the consistent system of interaction that takes topographic point between a leader and work group. In order to sort leading manners, Fiedler has developed an index called the Least-Preferred Coworker ( LPC ) graduated table. To acquire an LPC mark a leader is asked to believe of colleagues with whom he/she has of all time worked and take the 1 with whom the work was the most hard. Then this individual is rated on a figure of eight-point bipolar graduated tables ( friendly/unfriendly, hostile/supportive, etc. ) . The responses to these graduated tables are summed and averaged: a high LPC mark suggests that the leader has a human dealingss orientation, while a low LPC mark indicates a undertaking orientation. The 2nd major factor in Fiedler s theory is known as situational favourableness or environmental variable. This fundamentally is defined as the grade a state of affairs enables a leader to exercise influence over a group. Fiedler so extends his analysis by concentrating on three cardinal situational factors, which are leader-member, task construction and place power. For leader-member dealingss, Fiedler maintains that the leader will hold more influence if they maintain good relationships with group members who like, regard, and swear them, than if they do non. Fiedler explains that undertaking construction is the 2nd most of import factor in finding structural favourableness. He contends that extremely structured undertakings, which specify how a occupation is to be done in item provide a leader with more influences over group actions than do unstructured undertakings. Finally, as for place power, leads who have the power to engage and fire, subject and wages, have more power than those who do non. For illustration, the caput of a section has more power than a file clerk. By sorting a group harmonizing to three variables, it is possible to place eight different group state of affairss or leading manner. These eight different possible combinations were so classified as either undertaking orientation or relationship orientated. Several deductions can be derived from Fiedler s findings. First, it is non accurate to talk of effectual and uneffective leaders. Fiedler goes on by proposing that there are merely leader who perform better in some state of affairss, but non all state of affairss. Second, about anyone can be a leader by carefully choosing those state of affairss that match his or her leading manner. Last, the effectivity of a leader can be improved by planing the occupation to suit the director. For case, by increasing or diminishing a leader s place power, altering the construction of a undertaking, or act uponing leader-member dealingss, an organisation can change a state of affairs to better suit a leader s manner. The undermentioned facets can be considered as strengths of Fiedler s theory: it is prognostic and supported by a batch of empirical research, it does non necessitate that people be effectual in all state of affairss and provides a manner to measure leader manner that could be utile to an organisation. However among its failings are the fact that it is cumbrous to utilize, it does nt explicate what to make when there is a mismatch between manner and state of affairs and it does nt take into history situational variables, like preparation and experience, which besides have an impact in a leader s effectivity. Finally, there is some uncertainty whether the LPC is a true step of leading manner. In drumhead, the kernel of eventuality theory is that best patterns depend on the eventualities of the state of affairs. Contingency theory is frequently called the aˆ?it all dependsaˆ? theory, because when a eventuality theoretician is being asked for an reply, the typical response will be that it all depends. While this may sound simplistic, measuring the eventualities on which determinations depend can be a really complex. Eventuality theoreticians try to place and mensurate the conditions under which things will probably happen. Sing that organisations should achieve both external and internal tantrum to accomplish superior public presentation, at the same clip, the procedures of scheme preparation and execution are non dissociable activities ; there is a demand for an integrative attack that incorporates both schools of idea. The appropriate direction manner and organisational construction depend on the environmental context of the organisation concerned. The ability to pull off alteration is now recognized as a nucleus organisational competency. Mentions: 1. Fineman, S. , Sims, D. A ; Gabriel, Y. ( 2005 ) Forming and organisations, London, Sage. 2. Smith, M. J. ( 1984 ) . Eventuality regulations theory, context, and conformity behaviours. Human Communication Research, 10, 489-512. 3. Burns, T. , Stalker, M. ( 1961 ) . The Management of Innovation, 3rd Edition, 1994, Oxford University Press 4. Lawrence, P. R. , Lorsch, J. W. ( 1967 ) . Organization and Environment. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 5. Fiedler, F. E. ( 1964 ) . A Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness. Progresss in Experimental Social Psychology ( Vol.1 ) . 149-190. New York: Academic Press. Burnes, B. ( 1996 ) , No such thing as aˆÂ ¦ a aˆ?one best wayaˆ? to pull off organisational alteration. Management determination, Vol. 34, Issue 10, pp. 10-18

HR practice and consultance Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

HR practice and consultance - Term Paper Example The study will be based upon the consultancy process of the HRM. It will evaluate the ‘gaining entry to the organisation’ and other aspects in the hiring process. Different kinds of approaches of the consultancy process will be evaluated and discussed which will best suit the organisation. Overview Consultancy Process Human resource professional’s most important task is related to hiring of the employees along with other job responsibilities. In the HR process, finding the right candidate or qualified applicant for a particular job, filling the vacancy, upgrading the positions, creating new job, promoting employees and other necessary activities are the vital parts for the selection of the right applicant (University of Virginia, 2010). In order to get a clear understanding about the consultancy process, it would be better to take up a particular organisation. For this purpose the UK based multinational company, BP Plc, has been considered. It is a multi-national organisation that operates in the oil, gas and energy industry globally. There are thirty strategic performing units and other specialist support functioning departments. There are problems faced by the BP Plc such as shortage of professionals in the energy sector. Without appropriate number of personnel in this sector, it will be hard to uplift the future. Skilful and expert personnel are required. This gap can be bridged with the appropriate consultancy process that will assist in providing framework for the entry to the organisation (BP PLC, 2010). Entry to the Organisation The entry to the organisation is the initial phase in any consulting process. During this phase the interaction between the applicant and the HR manager takes place, where the HR tries to acquire knowledge about the applicant as much as possible. The outcomes of the consulting, discussion, and the planning phase are then presented in the consulting contract. The signature of the applicant with the HR manager c oncludes the initial phase (Kubr, M & International Labour Office, 2002). In the phase of distinctive consulting intervention, the client and consultant execute a set of activities that are necessary for the achievement of desired changes and purposes. The activities that are involved are generally known as the ‘consulting processes’. The process is well defined and has clear beginning and end which assist in relationship building. Between the initial phase and the end phase, there are several phases that aid both the client and the consultant to be methodical and systematic, from operations to operations proceeding from one phase to another (BSC, 2002). Processes or Phases of the Consultancy Process There are various phases or ways of subdividing the consultancy process that are found generally in different kind of literatures by various authors. There are many instigators who have provided several phases in the process that range from three to ten. For the BP Plc, whi ch is an organisation belonging to the energy sector; a simple five-phase model would be suitable that consists of the â€Å"comprising entry, diagnosis, action planning, implementation and termination†